The use of data is conditional on citing the original data sources.


FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS
Carbon dioxide emissions from the use of coal, oil and gas (combustion and industrial processes), the process of gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. For more information, see: Section 2.1.1, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

DEFINITIONS

Territorial Emissions: Carbon dioxide emissions attributed to the country in which they physically occur. For more information see: Section 2.1.1, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

• Coal: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of coal.
• Oil: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of oil.
• Gas: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of gas.
• Gas flaring: Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of vented natural gas and the venting of CO₂ in the oil and gas industry converting methane into carbon dioxide.
• Cement: Carbon dioxide emissions from chemical reactions in the manufacture of cement.

Consumption Emissions: Carbon dioxide emissions occurring anywhere in the world attributed to the country in which goods and services are consumed. For more information see: Section 2.1.2, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

Transfer Emissions: The net difference between territorial and consumption emissions; representing the emissions from the production of exports minus the emissions from the production of imports. For more information see: Section 2.1.2, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

Bunkers: Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of international bunker fuels, used for international transportation, often outside of any national territory. For more information see: Section 2.1.1, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

UNITS
MtCO₂ = 1 million tonnes of CO₂
To convert between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon (C): 3.67 Mt CO₂ = 1 Mt C.

kgCO₂ per GDP
Carbon Intensity: Total CO₂ emissions divided by GDP.
GDP: Gross Domestic Product, measured in US dollars (USD) at Purchasing Power Parity rates.

tCO₂ per person
Emissions per person: t CO₂ per person = tonnes CO₂ per person.
CO₂ emissions per person are measured as the total CO₂ produced by a country as a consequence of human activities and are divided by the population of that country.

WORLDWIDE EMISSIONS
The sum of all countries emissions and the international bunkers emissions.
There is a difference between global emissions statistics (total emissions from energy production data) and the sum of national and bunker emissions statistics. This difference arises for several reasons: 1) global emissions are derived from energy production data, while national emissions are derived from apparent energy consumption data (production minus exports plus imports and adjusted for changes in stocks), 2) different assumptions on non-energy use at the global level, and 3) changes in stocks.

LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS
Carbon dioxide emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (primarily deforestation). Global data values have an uncertainly of ±2 GtCO₂ reported as ±1 sigma (68% chance that the real value lies within the given interval). Regional data generally have uncertainty of about ± 50%. For more information see: Section 2.2, The global carbon budget 1959-2015, Le Quéré et al. 2016.

UNCERTAINTY
Global data have an uncertainly of ± 5% reported as ±1 sigma (68% chance that the real value lies within the given interval). Country data have variable uncertainty, generally of a few percent in industrialised countries and about ± 10% in China.

METHODS

• For most countries and years the 1959-2013 estimates for fossil fuels and industry are from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Boden et al., 2016).
  
• Where available (40 countries) the official national estimates reported by countries to the UNFCCC during 1990-2014 are used in preference (UNFCCC, 2016).
  
• The 2014 and 2015 estimates (2015 where UNFCCC data are available) are preliminary and derived from energy statistics published by BP (BP, 2016).
  
• Data for some countries have been generated using “disaggregation” of CDIAC’s data because of changes in nation states over time. For example, emissions data for Russia are not available prior to 1992. To generate a more complete and useful time series we have estimated emissions for Russia prior to 1992 by assuming that the share of Russia’s emissions in the USSR was constant up until 1992. Countries whose data are affected by this estimation method are listed below, and their data in earlier periods must be considered to have significantly higher uncertainty.
  
  
  

  DATA SOURCES & TERMS OF USE
  The use of data is conditional on citing the original data sources. Full details on how to cite the data are given below and in the corresponding web links. The Global Carbon Project facilitates access to data to encourage its use and promote a good understanding of the carbon cycle. Respecting original data sources is key to help secure the support of data providers to enhance, maintain and update valuable data.
  
  FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS
  CDIAC: Boden, TA, Andres RJ, and Marland, G 2016. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO₂ Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA DOI:10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2016. Available at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html
  
  UNFCCC, 2016. National Inventory Submissions 2016. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/items/9492.php, accessed June 2016.
  
  BP, 2016. Statistical Review of World Energy. Available at: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics.html
  
  USGS (2016): Mineral Commodities Summaries: Cement, U.S. Geological Survey. Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/
  
  CONSUMPTION & TRANSFER EMISSIONS
  Updated from Peters et al. (2011): Peters, GP, Minx, JC, Weber, L, and Edenhofer, O. 2011. Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1006388108.
  For an explanation of issues around consumption emissions, see Peters et al. (2012): Peters, GP, Davis, SJ and Andrew, R 2012. A synthesis of carbon in international trade. Biogeosciences, 9, 3247-3276.
  
  
  GDP: IEA/OECD 2015. CO₂ Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights 2015. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-highlights-2015.html
  
  
  POPULATION
  UN, 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. United Nations Population Division. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/
  
  LIST OF 40 COUNTRIES UPDATE USING UNFCCC REPORTING
  Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, Cyprus, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United States Of America.
  
  COUNTRIES WHOSE EMISSIONS HAVE BEEN ESTIMATED IN EARLY YEARS
  Before 2012: Republic Of South Sudan, Republic Of Sudan
  Before 2012: Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba; Saint Martin (Dutch Portion); Curacao
  Before 2006: Montenegro, Serbia
  Before 1992: Russian Federation, Georgia, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia
  Before 1986: Aruba
  Before 1972: Pakistan, Bangladesh
  Before 1964: Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi
  Before 1962: Rwanda, Burundi
  Before 1945: Republic Of Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of Korea
  
  
  REGIONAL DETAILS
  Regional details use for fossil fuels emissions data

  Color	Regions	Countries
  	Africa	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Réunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Tanzania, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  	Asia	Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, North Korea, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam
  	Central America	Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, BES (Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba), British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Martin (Dutch portion), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands
  	Europe	Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia (Republic of), Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom
  	Middle East	Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
  	North America	Canada, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States of America
  	Oceania	Australia, Cook Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands
  	South America	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

  
  
  
  Regional details for Land Use Change data

  Color	Regions	Countries
  	Canada	Canada
  	United States	United States
  	Caribbean	Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (French part), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands
  	Central America & Mexico	Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala
  	NonTropical S. America	Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
  	Tropical S. America	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivar Rep of
  	Europe	Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, FYR Bosnia & Herzegovina, FYR Croatia, FYR Macedonia, FYR Serbia, FYR Slovenia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  	Former Soviet Union	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova Rep., Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
  	North Africa & Middle East	Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
  	Central Africa	Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda
  	East Africa	Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania
  	Southern Africa	Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  	West Africa	Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
  	China	China
  	East Asia	Dem People's Rep. of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Singapore
  	South Asia	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
  	Southeast Asia	Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Dem. Rep, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
  	Oceania	Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Samoa, Sao Tome Prn, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu